does anyone have a clue how to automate an application that appears to be 90% Java programmed, but then uses embedded chrome-core-masks in certain places?
Not directly related, but I would recommend checking out the UiPath SAP Automation course. The course explains how to automate certain fields for which it is difficult or impossible to build selectors.
Some relevant ideas to try for your case:
Use the “Click Text” activity. It sounds like you tried this, but you could try using OCR instead of a normal screen scrape.
Use the “Click Image” activity with anchors. It looks like there are some unique images you could click relative to in order to get your desired fields.
Use the “Type into” activity without a selector. This should type wherever your cursor is.
As a thought, you could open up the Citrix recorder and try some of the methods therein. It sounds like you are effectively in a Citrix environment (no selectors, no access to the underlying window structure, etc.) so it may be worth a shot.