Business & system rule exception

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Hi guys I am wondering about business and system rule exception as I know business rule exception happen when some data is missing and system rule happen when any technical error happen like no internet or system got close can anyone help me about this if am wrong and if anyone have list of exception where I could get business & System rule exception occur any web reference.
I also need to know how I can log business rule exception & system rule exception I need to use and excel format file or text file for further use …